The chemical mood of Earth’s mantle, its redox state, is shaped by how iron and carbon behave as they gain or lose electrons. This redox balance affects everything, from the formation of minerals to the movement of heat and materials deep…

The chemical mood of Earth’s mantle, its redox state, is shaped by how iron and carbon behave as they gain or lose electrons. This redox balance affects everything, from the formation of minerals to the movement of heat and materials deep…